Glossary
Affect: Emotional state
Agoraphobia: Literally, “fear of the marketplace”; fear of being trapped somewhere from which escape will be difficult or embarrassing, not fear of open spaces
Antipsychotics: Medications that reduce psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorganization; may also be used to treat bipolar disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive disregard and violation of other people’s rights; not synonymous with sociopathy or psychopathy
Anxiolytics: Anti-anxiety medications; include both SSRIs and benzodiazepines
Avoidant personality disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive fear of being criticized or rejected and tendency to avoid others; symptoms overlap with social phobia
Bipolar disorder: Mood disorder characterized by extreme ups (mania) and downs (depression)
Borderline personality disorder (BPD): Personality disorder marked by persis- tent and pervasive inability to modulate one’s own emotions
Brief psychotic disorder: Sudden appearance of psychotic symptoms, often trig- gered by a severe stressor
Comorbid: Two or more distinct disorders in the same person at the same time; each disorder makes the other worse
Conduct disorder: Persistent violation of others’ basic rights or consistent viola- tion of ethical and legal norms in children or adolescents
Culture-bound syndromes: disorders that appear in limited cultural settings; w some clearly overlap with diagnostic categories in the DSM and others do not
Cyclothymia: Mildest form of bipolar disorder, often undiagnosed unless it de- velops into a more serious version of the disorder
Delusions: Unrealistic beliefs that are maintained despite logic or evidence to the contrary; cultural beliefs, e.g. in deities, are not considered delusional
Dependent personality disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive passivity, neediness, and subservience
Depersonalization: Dissociative experience during which one feels disconnected from one’s body; individual may also feel as if she watching herself from the outside
Derealization: Dissociative experience during which one’s environment or sur- roundings seem surreal or unreal
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): Specialized treatment for borderline personality disorder
Diathesis-stress model: Theory that states that genetic vulnerabilities to a disorder must be triggered by environmental stressors for the disorder to actually manifest
Dissociation: Partial or complete “split” in normal conscious functioning or identity
Dissociative amnesia: Inability to remember important information about one- self or one’s experiences for psychological reasons; people with amnesia following head injuries are not diagnosed with dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue: Inability to remember important information about oneself or one’s experiences coupled with travel away from home; typically occurs fol- lowing a major stressor or trauma
Dissociative identity disorder (DID): At least 2 different personalities take control of the body at alternate times; typically due to extreme childhood trauma; amnesia is a hallmark symptom of DID
Dopamine: Neurotransmitter that regulates emotion, motivation, and feelings of pleasure and reward, and which is particularly involved in addiction, schizophre- nia, and Parkinson’s Disease
DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which provides information on diagnosing psychological disorders
Dual relationship: Unethical situation in which a therapist has both a non-ther- apeutic relationship and a therapeutic relationship with a client or patient
Duty to warn/Duty to protect: Therapist obligation to warn/protect an individ- ual or party she believes may be in danger from a client or other party; one of the few times that confidentiality does not apply to the client-therapist relationship
Dysthymia: chronic, low-grade depression that lasts more than two years
Ego-dystonic: Values, behaviors, and feelings are inconsistent with how one sees oneself; most disorders are ego-dystonic in that the individual feels that the disorder is causing problems for them; contrast with ego-syntonic Ego-syntonic: Values, behaviors, and feelings are consistent with how one sees oneself; in psychology, usually used to refer to the way individuals with personal- ity disorders do not recognize that they have a disorder that is contributing to their problems; contrast with ego-dystonic
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Treatment for individuals with depression, psychosis, mania, or suicidality when other treatments have failed; modern ECT is very different from the typical outdated media depiction
Etiology: Cause or origin of disorder
Exposure therapies: Treatments during which clients are slowly and methodical- ly exposed to feared stimuli, usually while they are practicing relaxation; typically a very effective treatment for anxiety disorders
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Treatment for PTSD that helps individuals process and deal with traumatic experiences and move on with their lives
False memory syndrome: Caused when memories, usually of a traumatic nature, have been implanted by an unscrupulous therapist
GABA: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: a neurotransmitter involved in relaxation, sedation, and sleep
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): General, “free-floating” anxiety t
Hallucination: Sensory experience without sensory stimulus; that is, seeing (visual hallucination), hearing (auditory hallucination), feeling (tactile halluci- nation), smelling (olfactory hallucination), or tasting (gustatory hallucination) things that aren’t really there
Histrionic personality disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive dramatics, flirtatiousness, and other demonstrative behavior; typically strike others as shallow, vain, and immature
Iatrogenic disorders: Disorders caused or induced by an unwitting or unscrupulous therapist; DID is believed by skeptics to be iatrogenic most if not all of the time
Impulse-control disorders: Disorder in which feelings of tension can only be relieved by performing an act that is harmful to the individual or others; seem to be related to obsessive-compulsive behavior
Intake or Intake Interview: First meeting with a client during which the clini- cian gathers information on the client’s concerns, problems, and background
Interpretation: Psychodynamic technique in which a therapist draws a client’s attention to a psychological process that may have gone unnoticed by the client
Lobotomy: Obsolete “treatment” in which the frontal lobes of the brain were permanently destroyed, sometimes to make difficult patients more manageable
Major depressive disorder: Mood disorder characterized by extreme episodic depres- sions, often accompanied by feelings of guilt and hopelessness and suicidal thoughts
Mania: Abnormally extreme euphoria or irritability due to bipolar disorder; sometimes people who are manic experience psychotic symptoms
Martha Mitchell effect: Therapist unwittingly diagnoses a client who’s telling the truth with a delusional disorder
Mood stabilizer: Medication used to reduce manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder; sometimes used to help antidepressants work better
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIS): Older antidepressant class some- times used for treatment-resistant depression; can be dangerous to combine with certain foods and beverages
Multiaxial system: Diagnostic system endorsed by the DSM
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD): Personality disorder marked by per- sistent and pervasive self-centeredness and self-aggrandizement and little if any empathy toward others
Nervous breakdown: Colloquial term for an extremely upsetting experience during which the individual felt unable to cope
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals colloquially referred to as “brain chemistry;” neurotransmitters pass messages from one neuron (nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord) to the next
Norephinephrine: Neurotransmitter involved in concentration, motivation, and alertness
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Disorder characterized by overwhelm- ing feelings and thoughts of dread, which are relieved by ritualistic behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD): Personality disorder marked by persistent, pervasive, and extreme perfectionism, dogmatism, and stubbornness; unlike OCD, does not involve obsessive thoughts or compulsive ritualistic behaviors
Paranoid personality disorder: Personality disorder characterized by paranoia in every aspect of the individual’s life
Paraphilia: Sexual urges or behaviors that cause problems because they involve non-sexual objects, human suffering or humiliation, or non-consenting partners
Personality disorder: Rigid, narrow, inflexible approach to life that causes inter- personal problems; individuals with personality disorders typically blame others for problems rather than appreciating their own contributions to the situation
Phototherapy (light therapy): Intensive light treatment for people with low mood during the colder, darker months of the year
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Abnormally extreme and persistent anxiety symptoms resulting from trauma
Predisposing Factors: Stressors, problems, family constellations, or genetics that make one more likely to develop a disorder
Presenting Problem: Chief complaint or symptoms; the problem the client says needs help
Professional counselor: Typically a licensed master’s-level counselor; cannot prescribe medications
Psychiatrist: Medical doctor who specializes in mental health; can prescribe psychological medications
Psychologist: Doctoral-level researchers and practitioners in psychology; typi- cally cannot prescribe medications
Psychopathy: Specialized term for someone with a dangerously extreme antiso- cial personality disorder, and who has no qualms about violently violating others’ rights; psychopaths are thought to have brain abnormalities that make them incapable of fear, empathy, or love; different from psychosis and sociopathy
Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality as most people experience it, usually char- acterized by hallucinations and/or delusions; different from psychopathy
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Most commonly used class of antidepressant drugs; has fewer side effects and lower toxicity than older antide- pressants like tricyclics and MAOIS
Serotonin: Neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep; depression is often blamed on inadequate levels of serotonin in the brain
Schizoaffective disorder: Both schizophrenia and either a major depressive disor- der or bipolar disorder are present at the same time
Schizophrenia: Psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, bizarre delu- sions, disorganized behavior and speech, and sometimes paranoia or catatonia; not the same thing as multiple personalities or dissociative identity disorder
Social workers: bachelor’s-, master’s-, and doctoral-level counselors who spe- cialize in helping people function better in the community; cannot prescribe medications
Schizoid personality disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive reclusiveness, detachment, and indifference to others
Schizophreniform disorder: Symptoms are the same as with schizophrenia, but have only lasted between 1 and 6 months
Schizotypal personality disorder: Personality disorder marked by persistent and pervasive odd ideas, speech, behavior, and appearance; may be a mild version of schizophrenia
Shared psychotic disorder (folie à deux): Delusional beliefs are shared by two people who have a relationship with one another; the French translates to “mad- ness shared by two”
Sociopathy: Extreme version of antisocial personality disorder due to severe abuse or neglect; psychopathy is thought to be biological in origin, whereas soci- opathy is acquired due to environment
Threat/Control Override delusions: unrealistic beliefs that someone or some- thing is controlling one’s mind or otherwise persecuting her; sometimes associ- ated with increased levels of violence
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Noninvasive magnetic treatment used to improve the moods of people who have not responded to antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressants: Older type of antidepressant used when SSRI antide- pressants fail; easy to overdose on
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS): Implantation of a pacemaker-like device below the collarbone that stimulates the vagus nerve every 3 to 5 minutes; used in indi- viduals whose depression is treatment resistant
V code: “Problem of living” rather than a disorder; many V codes refer to rela- tional problems, such as ongoing conflict between siblings, parents and children, and romantic and sexual partners
Note About the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
The Writer’s Guide to Psychology goes to publication, the DSM-5 is slated for a May 2013 release. The date has repeatedly been pushed back over the last few years, and though I’ve kept a close eye on the papers and suggestions produced by the DSM-5 Work Groups (www. dsm5.org), the predictions for what we’ll see are ever-changing. At the APA Conference in August 2010, even researchers on overlapping work- groups were providing contradictory information.
Whether psychopathy will be recognized as its own disorder, whether schizophrenia will continue to have recognized subtypes, and how a dimensional model of personality disorders might look still remains to be seen, but there are a few things I do know.
First, change takes time. Just because disorders are reorganized, renamed, and moved onto or off of the list of disorders “for further research” in the back of the DSM, that doesn’t mean that everyone’s internal understanding of psychology will shift in the same way, or at the same time. In other words, if the list of personality disorders is pared down from 10 to 5 or 6, many clinicians will continue to think of those 10 categories as valid for years to come. The authors of college and graduate- level textbooks can also be resistant to change-more than a few were still referring to dissociative fugues as psychogenic fugues 10 and 12 years after the change was made for the DSM-IV. When I (having been trained after the proper term became dissociative fugue) pointed this out to textbook publishers, I was told that it’s the authors’ prerogative to use whichever terms they prefer.
Second, while the DSM is an official guidebook produced with the help of many thousands of professionals, it is also part of a political and cul- tural discourse. In other words, the book is not produced in a vacuum. It is produced by people, all of whom have biases, and many of whom have agendas. So we must ask ourselves-does a disorder exist or not exist simply because the DSM says so? That’s a slippery question, particularly when we’re looking at a DSM that may be updated much more frequently than older editions. (Much of the reason the next DSM is being referred to as DSM-5 rather than DSM-V is that many hope the new edition will be more fluid and include more regular changes, leading to updates like DSM-5.1, DSM 5.2, and so on.)
Despite all of this upheaval and change, it’s important to point out that the core of clinical and counseling psychology is not figuring out the proper labels for the problems suffered by people who need our help. It’s how we interact with those people and what we do to make their lives better. Likewise, The Writer’s Guide to Psychology is about more than finite categories of psychological disorders-it’s about how psychologi- cal professionals understand people, and how they help those who need it. It’s about breaking down myths and misconceptions, many of which have been around since long before the DSM-IV, let alone the DSM-5. It’s about getting your psych right-and telling a great story because now you have the tools to do so!
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